In the fields of engineering, industry, and biology, thin needles serve a critical role. The thermocouple hot wire anemometer for wind speed monitoring, microscale heat extraction cooling systems, and electronic microstructure outfitting are only a few of the needle's key applications. In view of these applications the present investigation is carried out to study the Casson hybrid nanofluid flow for the entropy creation and the pre-exponential factor law in Darcy Forchheimer medium on the thin needle. The set of governing equations describing the flow problem will be converted to a system of ordinary differential equations with suitable similarity variables. The numerical solutions are obtained by the aid of mathematical computing software by applying the Runge Kutta Fehlberg 45 method with shooting scheme. The numerical results for various parameters are produced, and an entropy analysis is performed. Axial velocity falls as the porosity and Darcy parameters are increased. The thermal performance improves as the needle size and Brinkman number increase. The concentration profile is improved by thermophoresis, Brinkman number, and activation energy parameter. The entropy generation and surface drag force will increase as the porosity parameters are increased, while the Bejan number will decrease.

In this article modeling and theoretical analysis of magnetized Williamson nanomaterial flow by permeable surface of cylinder is studied. The idea of self-propelled gyrotactic microorganisms is implemented to stabilize the suspended nanoparticles in Williamson liquid. Darcy-Forchheimer together with porosity effects are accounted in the flow. Energy relation is modeled in view of thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity and Joule heating. Activation energy linked with chemical reaction is executed at the surface. Furthermore, Brownian dispersion and thermophoresis effects are also considered. Flow governing dimensional model is acquired using boundary layer suppositions. Suitable transformations are used to alter the system of PDE’s into non-dimensional. NDSolve code in Mathematica package is utilized to solve the model. Impacts of various flow regulating variables on velocity, temperature, mass concentration and motile density are investigated by plotting. Coefficient of skin friction, Sherwood number, motile density number and heat transfer rate are tabulated and analyzed. It is observed that velocity field decays while temperature field enhances versus rising dimensionless magnetic parameter. Moreover, due to magnetic field more Lorentz force is applied to the flow as a result surface drag force enhances while heat transfer rate decays.

To the best of our knowledge, studies comparing PROPELLER and the conventional Cartesian MRI have mostly been reported on motion sensitivity, and there has been no focused study on the standard phantom imaging to compare them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PROPELLER method on ACR guideline QA protocol compared to Cartesian method. In this study, we compared the ACR phantom image quality of T2WI acquired on PROPELLER and conventional Cartesian method. In addition, we performed comparisons using different AFs (acceleration factors). For quantitative analysis SNR, geometric accuracy, high-contrast spatial resolution, slice thickness accuracy, slice position accuracy and low-contrast object detectability were measured on the acquired images. There were no statistically significant differences in the 6 quantification values for both methods (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we found that PROPELLER method provided a comparable SNR to Cartesian method, regardless of the various Afs

These authors contributed equally to this work.

To improve the self-repairing capability of common magnetic fluid seal structures after rupture due to excessive differential pressure in small clearance conditions and to verify the superiority of diverging stepped magnetic fluid seals, a diverging stepped magnetic fluid seal device with single magnetic source was tested. The effect of injection volume, clearance and numbers of teeth on the self-repairing performance of a diverging stepped magnetic fluid seals was investigated experimentally and compared with a common magnetic fluid seal. The experimental results indicate that the self-repairing performance of one stepped magnetic fluid seal device is better. The repair rate of a diverging stepped magnetic fluid seal structure decreases first and then increases with the increase of injection volume, and a minimum value is reached near the saturation value. The smaller the sealing gap and the fewer the number of bore teeth, the higher the repair rate of this structure.

Magnetic properties of cobalt ferrites with a portion of Co²⁺ ions being replaced by Ca²⁺ were investigated by vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The Ca_xCo_1-xFe₂O₄ (x ≤ 0.2) specimens were prepared as thin films by a sol-gel deposition method. According to the VSM results, the saturation magnetization (M_S) of the Ca-substituted ferrite decreased from that of CoFe₂O₄ proportional to the Ca composition x. Raman spectral analyses revealed that the Ca-substituted ferrites had a lower tetrahedral Co²⁺ population in the spinel lattice compared to CoFe₂O₄. The decreasing trend of M_S is consistent with the result of theoretical evaluation in which the relative population of Co²⁺ ions among the tetrahedral and octahedral sites is proportional to the relative Raman scattering intensities of 615 and 470 cm^-1 peaks, respectively.

Because the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) involves the effective electric field generated by the combination between the thermal gradient and the magnetization direction, it has been well applied to not only the measurement of the static magnetization but also the experiment for the low frequency magnetization dynamics. In this work, the frequency response of the ANE was examined to provide two implications: First, as a method to separate Nernst effects from other signals in the homodyne or heterodyne method, and second, as a timing reference to the phase-sensitive magnetization dynamics. The intensity of 1550 nm laser power was modulated up to 2.4 GHz and successfully produced the equivalent speed of the ANE signals from the 10 nm Permalloy block on the sapphire substrate. The implications could be supported, when the detection system consists of welldesigned radio frequency components and the better heat sink substrate to get the faster thermal gradient on the magnets.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Diabetes is a disease characterized by a high sugar level in the blood. The foot is considered as a distinct entity where most of the complication arises that often leads to lower extremity amputation. Recently, the Pulse Magnetic Field (PMF) devices that use magnetic field intensity as stimulants are being used to improve blood circulation among patients with peripheral vascular diseases (PVD). This study promotes the use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) devices in diagnosing and monitoring DM after the use of PMF devices by providing a piece of biomedical evidence through a simulation approach on how to reconstruct a 3-dimensional biological tissue shape models. The result showed that this simulation approach could be of use in the actual reconstruction of a diabetic foot showing the absorption coefficient. NIRS device and the biomedical images could be of use in places where radiographic imaging modalities are not accessible.

As an electromagnetic wave, X-rays are used to acquire diagnostic CT images. The aim of this phantom study was to evaluate the image quality of ultra-low-dose (ULD) lung computed tomography (CT) achieved using a deep-learning based image reconstruction method. The chest phantom was scanned with a tube voltage of 100 kV for various CT dose index (CTDIvol) conditions: 0.4 mGy for ultra-low-dose (ULD), 0.6 mGy for low-dose (LD), 2.7 mGy for standard (SD), and 7.1 mGy for large size (LS). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise values in reconstructions produced via filtered back projection (FBP), iterative reconstruction (IR), and deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) were computed for comparison. The quantitative results of both the SNR and noise indicate that the adoption of the DCNN makes the image reconstruction in the ULD setting more stable and robust, achieving a higher image quality when compared with the FBP algorithm in the SD condition. Compared with the conventional FBP and IR, the proposed deep learning-based image reconstruction approach can improve the ULD CT image quality while significantly reducing the patient dose.

A new detector was designed to improve the spatial resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) and acquire digital coordinates of the detector's scintillation pixels. In order to solve the spatial resolution deterioration phenomenon due to parallax error occurring outside the field of view (FOV), a method of measuring the depth of interaction was developed, and this was accomplished with the acquisition of digital coordinates. A detector using a 4 × 4 × 2 GAGG scintillator was designed using the DETECT2000 simulation tool to acquire digital coordinates of the scintillation pixels and measure the depth of interaction of the two layers. A gammaray reaction was generated in all the scintillation pixels, and the signals were obtained from SiPM pixels in a 4 × 4 array. The 16-channels of optical sensor signals were reduced to signals of 4 channels, and these were calculated as a ratio of each signal. The ratio of the signal was obtained from all the flash pixels, and the position was obtained as digital coordinates by comparing it with the ratio of the signal by the gamma ray response generated at the new position. In order to evaluate the accuracy of acquiring the digital coordinates and the accuracy of the layer where the scintillation pixel in which the scintillator and the gamma ray reacted, a signal was obtained by generating a gamma ray response for the entire length of each scintillation pixel. Gamma-ray reactions were generated at intervals of 0.2 mm from 0.1 mm to 19.9 mm. The obtained signals through these reactions were compared with the signals of each scintillation pixel obtained in advance. Then, the accuracy of measured positions on the X, Y, and Z axes were evaluated. The accuracy of both the X and Y axis showed perfect results, and the accuracy of the Z axis was 91.46 %.

Most fluoride-containing mouthwashes for children have flavors and fragrances added to them, so you need to be careful about swallowing accidents. It is also necessary to check the amount of fluoride remaining in the oral cavity after using them. Therefore, this study compared whether the total fluoride (TF) of three types of children's mouthwash commercially available in Korea is compatible with the standards indicated by manufacturers. In addition, the amount of fluoride remaining in the saliva of the oral cavity after using mouthwash was confirmed through Fluorine (¹⁹F) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As a result, even fluoride in Garglin Kids Care was marked as 226.1 ppm but detected TF was at an average of 455.818, which was about 102 % more. The fluoride remaining in saliva after 1 minute of using mouthwash was 0.0144 % for 2080 Kids, 15.4477 % for Chikachika, and 0.0015 % for Garglin Kids Care. After 2 minutes of using mouthwash, very little fluoride was present in the oral saliva in all three types of mouthwashes. These results confirmed that mouthwash containing fluoride for children does not affect the human body, such as toxicity. Therefore, the safe use of mouthwashes can lead to the improvement of oral health in children.

An Fc-directed conjugate (mAb-MNP) of the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), Foralumab, and the surface amino groups on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was prepared using the SiteClick antibody labeling kit. The conjugate was imaged by transmission electron microscopy and analyzed using energy dispersive spectrum and a nanoparticle tracking analyses. The average values of drift velocities (pix/frame) due to the Brownian motion of MNPs and mAb-MNPs in phosphate-buffered saline were 3.16/0.76 and 6.70/1.98 on the x-/y-axes, respectively. Two different hydrodynamic diameters of 180.0 nm and 258.8 nm were found for the MNPs and the mAb-MNPs with an actual size of 35 nm, respectively. The drift velocity was 2 times (2×) higher for mAb-MNPs than MNPs in proportion to the 2× higher value of the square of the hydrodynamic diameter of the conjugate relative to the MNPs as calculated by Stokes' law. Thus, the conjugates of Foralumab with MNPs have better fluidity in PBS than free MNPs.

This study was to investigate effects of NMES with 1 Hz low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) applied to unaffected cerebral cortex on muscle activities, tone, and motor function of upper limb (UL) in stroke patients. 16 patients were randomly divided into two groups, and experimental group (EG) was subjected to 1 Hz LF-rTMS and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). In control group (CG), Facilitation of hand intrinsic muscles and NMES were performed. It was evaluated using electromyography (EEG), MyotonePRO, and Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA). As a result, there were significant differences on EMG of the anterior deltoid, triceps brachii (TB), MyotonePRO, and FMA in the EG. CG showed a significant difference in EMG of TB. Between groups, there was a significant difference in the biceps brachii and TB. It’s thought that 1 Hz LF-rTMS and NMES can have a positive effect to improve muscle activity and UL in stroke patients.

As the incidence of breast cancer increases, concerns about unnecessary exposure to radiation during mammography are increasing. This study quantitatively evaluated the thickness and weight showing 95 % shielding ability of silicon, lead, bismuth, and tungsten with a tube voltage of 30 kVp and a distance between the X-ray tube and shield of 100 cm using Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE). The absorbed dose to the breast was derived when the optimal shield derived from GATE was used using Monte Carlo N-Particle code. The optimal thickness was in the order of tungsten, lead, bismuth, and silicon, and the total weight was found in the order of bismuth, lead, tungsten, and silicon. There was no difference in the absorbed dose to the breast depending on the material. When considering the thickness and weight of the shield, lead appears to be the best material. Lead can be an optimal shield with reduced thickness and weight if it is wrapped with a minimum amount of silicon.

This study was to investigate the effect of 5 Hz high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on cerebral activities in chronic stroke patients. Sixteen selected patients were randomly divided into two groups. Experimental group (EG) was subjected to 5 Hz HF-rTMS and NMES, and control group (CG) was treated with hand intrinsic muscle with NMES. Cerebral activities were confirmed by alpha waves and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) waves in electroencephalogram (EEG). As a result, EG showed a significant differences in alpha waves of F3, P3, Cz (p<0.05), and a significant differences in SMR waves of F3 and Cz (p<0.05). Between two groups, alpha waves showed a significant differences at P4 (p<0.05), and SMR waves showed a significant differences at Cz (p<0.05). 5 Hz HF-rTMS with NMSE may have a positive signal on cerebral activities in chronic stroke patients.

Devices that acquire digital medical images using radiation (DR; Digital Radiography) are widely used in medical institutions to obtain information necessary for patient diagnosis, and the frequency of use is gradually increasing. By selecting 3 hospitals that perform more than 50 digital X-ray medical imaging tests per day, and by installing a glass dosimeter for environmental measurement on the outside of the examination room protection wall, entrance door, and patient viewing window, the leakage radiation dose was measured for one month from May 16, 2021 to June 21, 2021, then it was analyzed by converting into a 3-month cumulative dose. The cumulative dose equivalent of 1 cm in the glass dosimeter for 3 months outside the shielding wall at the entrance of the digital medical image acquisition radiation generating device examination room was 0.96 mSv, and the average value was 0.18 mSv. In addition, the cumulative 1 cm dose equivalent value of the glass dosimeter for 3 months outside the shielding wall on the control room side showed a maximum of 3.03 mSv and an average of 0.41 mSv. The glass dosimeter cumulative dose 1cm dose equivalent value was up to 8.31 mSv and averaged 2 . 09 mSv for 3 months outside the door o f the patient waiting room of the digital medical image acquisition radiation generating device examination room. In addition, the glass dosimeter cumulative dose 1cm dose equivalent value for 3 months outside the control room door showed a maximum of 14.04 mSv and an average of 3.84 mSv. These research results are expected to be widely used in setting measurement methods and regulatory standards for environmental radiation safety management of medical radiation generators, and continuous research management at the national level is suggested.

Based on the fact that it is difficult to extract pure radioactive isotopes during the manufacturing process of the radioisotope, we conducted a study on the purity of 131I used in patients in clinical practice. Nuclear medicine treatment using ¹³¹I is performed by being admitted to a dedicated ward. In the most commonly used method for producing ¹³¹I, ¹²⁹I is present in 0.1 %. Therefore, the importance of the management of pipes arises. According to the calculation formula, in the case of ¹³¹I, the radioactivity does not increase after 60 days. However, if ¹²⁹I is present in 0.1 %, the radioactivity increases after 6 months. A similar result was also obtained when the pipes in the treatment room used for 8 years were measured. Therefore, the development of a pure ¹³¹I generation method is currently required, and a realistic radiation safety management system such as applying the extraction technology of ¹²⁹I or enacting the regulations for the follow-up management of sealed pipes should be constructed as auxiliary methods.