The antiferromagnet IrMn based four different GMR-SV multilayers on Corning glass were prepared by using ion beam deposition and DC magnetron sputtering system. The magnetoresistance (MR) properties for single-type and dual-type GMR-SV multilayer films were investigated through the measured major and minor MR curves. The exchange bias coupling field (H_ex) and coercivity (H_c) of pinned layer, the H_c and interlayer exchange coupling field (H_int) of free layer for the dual-type structure GMR-SV multilayer films consisted of top IrMn layer were 410 Oe, 60 Oe, 1.6 Oe, and 7.0 Oe, respectively. The minor MR curve of two free layers was performed the squarelike feature having a MR ratio of 8.7% as the sum of 3.7% and 5.0%. The value of average magnetic field sensitivity (MS) was maintained at 2.0 %/Oe. Also, the magnetoresistance properties of the single-type and dual-type structure GMR-SV multilayer films consisted of bottom IrMn layer were decreased more than those of top IrMn layer. Two antiparallel states of magnetization spin arrays of the pinned and free layers in the dual-type GMR-SV multilayer films occurred the maximum MR value by the effect of spin dependence scattering.

The magnetic isotropy property from the magnetoresistance (MR) curve and magnetization (MH) loop for the PtMn based spin valve (SV) multilayer films fabricated with different the bottom structure after post-annealing treatment was investigated. The exchange biased coupling field (H_ex), coercivity (H_c), and MR ratio of Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film without antiferromagnetic PtMn layer are 0 Oe, 25 Oe, and 3.3 %, respectively. MR curve for the Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/PtMn(6 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film showed H_ex = 2 Oe, H_c = 316 Oe, and MR (%) = 4.4 % with one butterfly MR curve having by the effect of antiferromagnetic PtMn layer. MR curve for the dualtype Glass/Ta(10 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/PtMn(6 nm)/CoFe(3 nm)/Cu(2.5 nm)/CoFe(6 nm)/Ta(4 nm) SV multilayer film showed H_c = 37.5 Oe and 386 Oe, MR = 3.5 % and 6.5 % with two butterfly MR curves and square-like hysteresis MH loops. The anisotropy property in CoFe spin valve-PtMn multilayer is neglected by the effects of a very small value of H_ex and a very slightly shape magnetic anisotropy. This result is possible to explain the effect of magnetization configuration spin array of the bottom SV film and the top SV film of PtMn layer.

Bulk-type body-centered-tetragonal Fe-Co alloy was synthesised by utilising a conventional alloy preparation technologies, such as melting, solidification, and homogenising treatments, and its magnetic properties were investigated. In the (Fe_100−xCo_x)_1−yC_y alloy, the composition range, from which single phase body-centered-tetragonal alloy (martensite phase) was obtained, was severely limited: Co content x = 2.5, and C content y = 0.062. Tetragonality(c/a) of the synthesised body-centered-tetragonal (Fe_97.5Co_2.5)_0.938C_0.062 alloy was 1.05. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (K₁) of the body-centered-tetragonal (Fe_97.5Co_2.5)_0.938C_0.062 alloy was measured to be 9.8 × 10⁵ J/m³), which was 3.1 time as high as the pure iron (α-Fe).

The magneto-impedance effect (MI effect) has been investigated in metal core/soft magnetic shell composite wires fabricated by electrodeposition of Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ on Cu wire (diameter 190 μm). The diagonal impedances Z_zz and Z_θθ in cylindrical coordinate showed strong MI effect for the magnetic field applied along z-axis, while the off-diagonal impedance Z_θz showed very weak MI effect. We have tried to develop the Cu core/Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ shell composite wire having strong MI effect in off-diagonal impedance by electrodeposion under torsional strain. The core/shell composite wire electrodeposited under torsional angles above 270° showed significantly enhanced MI effect in the off-diagonal impedance. The maximum MI effect was observed in the composite wire electrodeposited under torsional angle of 360°. The developed method to enhance off-diagonal MI effect is expected to increase the applicability of the core/shell composite wire to magnetic sensor material.

We have studied electronic and magnetic structure of cubane-type Co magnetic molecule using density functional method. The calculated density of states show Co⁺² ionic state and high-spin state because of large exchange interaction between inside Co 3d electrons. The exchange interaction J between Co atoms depends Co-O-Co angle. The calculated J is ferromagnetic with right angles. On the other hand J is antiferromagnetic with large angles since super-exchange interactions between Co⁺² atoms. It induces that Co cubane has a antiferromagnetic spin structure of AFM1 = [↑↑↓↓]

The arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method that can evaluate tissue perfusion using blood in the body. The characteristic of non-invasive examinations without contrast agents and the quantitative measurement of perfusion volume is possible, which are increasingly being used for clinical and research purposes. Up to the present, The ASL method has lower SNR than the perfusion imaging method using contrast agent and because optimization of various parameter in the imaging process is difficult, Which may result in measurement errors. To improve this, ASL methods using various technologies are introduced. This paper briefly introduces the outline of ASL, its features in imaging process, various techniques, and clinical application.

Many people have wondered that a job could be reduced greatly due to the automation by artificial intelligence and labor replacement by robot, drone, and autonomous car in the era of the 4^th industrial revolution. In this article, many foreign and domestic reports on the change of future employment were collected and discussed. And the optimistic and pessimistic prospects on employment in worldwide and domestic levels were listed and analysed.