The development of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in early 1980s' has enabled us to characterize single atoms and molecules on surfaces. Building nanostructures in controlled manner and scaling down conventional memory devices using only handful of magnetic atoms in the STM have been one of the major focuses in this field. Here, I first introduce a recent advance of STM by combining the conventional electron spin resonance (ESR), which picked up the advantages of the two techniques, high spatial resolution of STM and high energy resolution of ESR, enabling to drive and detect spin resonance of individual atoms on surfaces. Then, I continue an introduction to a successful implementation of pulsed-ESR into STM to coherently control individual atomic and molecular spins on surfaces, paving a way towards on-surface electron spin qubits at the atomic scale.

Graphene has been considered as an ultimate 2-dimensional platform for nanoelectronics with a benefit of its unique physical properties. Engineering the electron dispersion of graphene to be spin-dependent is crucial for the realization of spin-based logic devices. Enhancing spin-orbit coupling in graphene could allow to generate or detect a spin polarization without a ferromagnet. A number of studies have contributed enormous effort to induce spin-orbit interaction in graphene and its impact on the transport behaviour in various forms of device geometries. In this review, we discuss recent developments on the graphene spintronics focusing on the spin-orbit coupling and its impact on the transport behaviours.

Two-dimensional materials generally have hexagonal structures with gaps along c-axis. Therefore, the materials have anisotropic conductivity regarding their crystal axis (especially, between ab-plane and c-axis). In this paper, we propose time dynamics simulation models to explain the cases of anisotropic conductivity and magnetoresistance between layers. We finally visualize the current distribution depending on time and voltage, thus confirm how the total resistance can be changed.

This paper deals with the design and verification process of internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) for Electrical Vehicle (EV) with the maximum power 78 kW. The outer diameter of stator and stack length of core, which are design factors for the sizing of motor, are given values by considering the required packaging space of EV. However, the outer diameter of rotor, which is design factor to meet the required voltage with high speed in EV motor, should be clarified to meet the required voltage. In this paper, a design method for the selection of rotor outer diameter is proposed using SR (Split Ratio). Based on the condition that the maximum stress for the rotor core and the back EMF are the same, the number of magnet layer is analyzed to reduce magnet volume for the reduction of material cost in EV motor. Furthermore, the characteristic analysis is conducted considering the magnetic saturation by using the improved d and q equivalent circuit (DQEC). Thermal analysis is also conducted to verify the power of EV motor by using the thermal equivalent circuit (TEC). In order to verify the design result, a load test and temperature test for the prototype are measured. Finally, the test result is compared with the design result.

Unbalance of acid-base homeostasis causes acute lung injury, respiratory acidosis, encephalopathy, and hypoxia. Immunocytes in the body contribute to regulating acid-base homeostasis. When immunocytes are aware of inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory enzymes are released and extracellular pH decreased. This study intends to evaluate the effect of the pulse magnetic field (PMF) on the extracellular acid environment in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation in the cell, and cells are elongated to tapered apperence after LPS treatment. In the pH measurement to different intensities of the PMF, extracellular acidic environment was greatly improved at the intensity of 2700 G. Also in the pH measurement to elapsed time after PMF stimulation of 2700 G, the extracellular pH after 18h was most effective. Therefore, PMF is believed to not only improve the extracellular acid environment by alleviating inflammation in the body, but also regulate acid-base homeostasis.

Magnetic nanoparticles with an average diameter of less than 50 nm with an amine-group surface coated with silica or dextran are being used as immunotherapeutic antibody conjugates. The magnetoresistance (MR) characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are investigated according to the strength of the external magnetic field that changed the distribution of the nanoparticle solution at a 1 mm interval between two copper electrodes having a diameter of 1 mm. In the case of the silica amine group MNP solution, which is rapidly separated by an external magnetic field, the magnetoresistance curve is non-uniform. In the case of MNPs with an antibody attached to an amine group, the initial MR value, MR ratio, and solution coercivity are 0.74MΩ 1.6%, and 200 Oe, respectively, depending on the external magnetic field. In addition, it took more than 10 hours under a powerful magnetic field to completely separate the magnetic dextran nanoparticles from which the dispersant is sufficiently added to a MNP solution of 2 mg/mL. The dextran MNP solution, which maintained the concentration, shows a symmetric butterfly-shaped magnetoresistance curve with MR, MR ratio, and solution coercive force of 1.43MΩ 0.2%, and 260 Oe, respectively, depending on the external magnetic field. These results show that it is possible to control the induction of MNPs for the development of antibodies for immunotherapy to a target with a magnetic field.