Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols can be classified based on differences in frequency and modality characteristics. A simple protocol that applies high frequency rTMS (HF-rTMS) above 5 Hz and low frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) below 1 Hz And it’s divided into theta-burst stimulation (TBS), which stimulates the cerebral cortex based on continuous or intermittent stimulation. Simple protocols increase or suppress the activity of the cerebral cortex by varying the frequency. In particular, the corpus callosum supports the control of the cerebral hemisphere, which is called the transcallosal inhibition (TCI) theory or the interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) theory. Based on this theoretical basis, the application of LF-rTMS helped improve depression and helped functional activities by improving bimanual coordination after stroke. Through this, we sought to confirm the positive aspects of LF-rTMS in neurorehabilitation.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of radiation therapy, from Roentgen's initial discovery to the development of proton therapy. It highlights the importance of brachytherapy in cancer treatment, which involves placing a radioactive source in close proximity to tumors. This allows for a highly concentrated and targeted delivery of radiation while minimizing the impact on surrounding healthy tissue. Brachytherapy includes intracavitary, intratissue, intraluminal, and surface applications and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of several cancers, including cervical, prostate, and esophageal. External beam radiation, which uses X-rays or protons from outside the body, is primarily delivered by linear accelerators. Devices such as the Gamma Knife and ⁶⁰Co external beam radiotherapy integrate MRI systems and magnets to precisely identify brain tumors and optimize treatment effects. In the case of the ¹³⁷Cs external beam radiotherapy device, magnets integrated into the collimator system control the size and shape of the radiation beam, minimizing exposure to healthy tissue. Medical linear accelerators use high-frequency oscillators and directional electromagnets to control the diffusion and direction of the electron beam. Heavy ion therapy equipment, including accelerators, beam transport systems and scanning nozzles, use magnetic fields in proton therapy, leading to breakthroughs in radiation therapy technology. Advances in magnetic field technology promise to improve the precision of radiation therapy, enable faster scanning, and enable innovative particle therapies.

Diffusion MR Image (DWI) detects lesions Non-invasively quantifies the characteristics of body tissues changed by Obtain and analyze the values and image them to determine the diagnosis of the lesion. It is used clinically because it can be expressed clearly. DWI and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) techniques .Unlike T2 Weighted Image (T2W), it takes several hours to Infarction signal appears internally, supporting acute infarction diagnosis. Recently, when examining not only brain but also liver tumors, Malignant solid tumors and benign, cystic tumors can be distinguished through the appropriate b-value value. It is widely used for sheep identification. Accordingly, we would like to introduce the clinical use and future direction of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging currently being used.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a representative non-invasive method of stimulating the cerebral cortex. In this study, we sought to investigate the clinical application and effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS). To date, various protocols for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been introduced in clinical practice, including low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) and HF-rTMS are popularly used. HF-rTMS is a method of increasing activity by stimulating the cerebral cortex on the damaged side, while LF-rTMS is applied to the cerebral cortex on the non-damaged side. The two protocols each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and HF-rTMS has been reported to be more effective than LF-rTMS by stimulating the cerebral cortex on the damaged side. However, problems are being raised due to various side effects such as headaches due to stronger stimulation compared to LF-rTMS. Through previous studies, HF-rTMS has reported positive results for various diseases such as major depressive disorder, stroke, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and Parkinson's disease, and has shown effects on exercise and cognition.

Dual energy computed tomography uses the difference between high energy and low energy. It is possible to recognize differences in the degree of attenuation of materials, distinguishing differences in properties for each material, and imaging only the desired material. Recently, with the new photon counting detector computed tomography technology, higher spatial resolution, contrast-to-noise ratio, and higher dose efficiency can be expected, so it is expected that more accurate medical imaging diagnosis can be expected in the future.

A research on the optimal design for reducing cogging torque in permanent magnet motors used in electric vehicle propulsion is a crucial step in mitigating motor noise and vibrations. In this study, to derive the optimal design, a magnetic barrier was introduced at the center of the permanent magnet V shape , and its optimal size was determined. The optimization process not only focused on minimizing cogging torque but also included the research objective of minimizing back electromotive force (EMF) distortion during the optimal design phase. The design process employed the statistical approximation method known as the response surface methodology. A screening procedure for design variables was implemented, allowing for the effective derivation of an optimal design. This research contributes to advancements in electric vehicle technology by addressing both cogging torque reduction and minimizing back EMF distortion, ultimately enhancing overall motor performance and reducing noise and vibrations.

In this paper, optimal designs of shielding materials are performed for the mitigation of magnetic fields near the underground power transmission lines. For the optimization method, the particle swarm optimization is used. The mitigation of the magnetic field is based on the eddy current effect of the conductor shield, and its principle is explained using Maxwell’s equations. In order to increase shielding efficiency and decrease the volume of the metallic shield, the concept of the multi-objective function is considered, and reasonable Pareto fronts were formed. Based on the optimal solutions selected from the obtained Pareto fronts, several shield designs are implemented and their performances are analyzed using the electromagnetic simulations.

In this study, the exchange biased CoFe/MnIr(10nm) thin films were manufactured to measure the magnetization curve with the thickness of CoFe. Exchange bias showed inversely proportional to the thickness of CoFe and enhanced coercive force unusually showed maximum at CoFe thickness of 2.0 nm. These measured results were analyzed using the single domain model. The increase in coercive force seen at 2 nm or less was due to changes in the thickness of CoFe, and the increase in coercive force at 2.5 nm or more was analyzed as an effect of non-uniformity of uncompensated spin of the CoFe/MnIr interface.